Butanolo

Butanolo, or butanols, is a family of four structural isomers that share the chemical formula C4H10O and the functional group of an alcohol. The four isomers are n-butanol (butan-1-ol), sec-butanol (butan-2-ol), isobutanol (2-methylpropan-1-ol), and tert-butanol (2-methylpropan-2-ol). They differ in the arrangement of the carbon skeleton and the position of the hydroxyl group, which leads to distinct boiling points, densities, and reactivities while retaining the common alcohol functionality.

Physical properties vary among the isomers but all are colorless, flammable liquids at room temperature. Boiling points range roughly from the low eighties to about one hundred twenty degrees Celsius, with tertiary and branched isomers generally having lower boiling points than the straight-chain form. All butanols are miscible with many organic solvents; their solubility in water decreases as the hydrocarbon portion increases.

Production and occurrence: butanols are manufactured industrially from petrochemical feedstocks via processes such as hydroformylation of propylene to butyraldehyde followed by hydrogenation, or via alternative catalytic routes. They can also be produced biologically through fermentation processes (notably acetone-butanol-ethanol or ABE fermentation), which historically supplied solvents and chemical precursors.

Uses: as solvents in paints, coatings, inks, cleaners, and chemical syntheses; as intermediates for esters (for example butyl esters used in polymers and flavors); and as building blocks for plasticizers and other chemicals. 1-butanol has gained interest as a potential renewable solvent and fuel component in some applications.

Safety and environmental aspects: butanols are flammable and can cause irritation to eyes and skin; prolonged exposure may affect the nervous system. They are biodegradable and typically managed under standard industrial hygiene and environmental guidelines to minimize emissions and spills.