Butanenitrile

Butanenitrile, also known as butyronitrile, is an organic nitrile with four carbon atoms and the molecular formula C4H7N. It is the straight-chain nitrile in which the nitrile group is at the end of a butane chain (butan-1-nitrile). Synonyms include 1-cyanobutane, n-butyronitrile, and valeronitrile.

The compound is typically a colorless or pale liquid at room temperature, with a distinctive, pungent odor. It is moderately volatile and flammable, and like other nitriles it is more soluble in organic solvents than in water. The nitrile group endows butanenitrile with reactivity characteristic of nitriles, enabling various transformations.

Chemical behavior and reactions: The nitrile group can be hydrolyzed to yield butanoic acid (butyric acid) or partial hydrolysis can give amides. It can be hydrogenated to the primary amine, yielding n-butylamine. Nitriles can also participate in carbon–carbon bond forming reactions; for example, reaction with Grignard reagents followed by hydrolysis can produce ketones, offering routes to more complex molecules.

Production and uses: Butanenitrile is produced and sold as an industrial intermediate for organic synthesis. It serves as a building block in the preparation of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and specialty chemicals. It can be used to introduce the butyl nitrile moiety into target molecules and to access amines, acids, and other functional groups through standard nitrile chemistry.

Safety and handling: It is a flammable liquid and a potential irritant. Exposure can affect the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, and some nitrile metabolism can release cyanide under certain conditions. It should be handled in a well-ventilated area with appropriate personal protective equipment, stored away from heat and oxidizers, and disposed of in accordance with regulatory guidelines.