Betapropiolactone

Betapropiolactone is a small, reactive beta-lactone used primarily as a chemical sterilant. It consists of a four-membered lactone ring and is typically encountered as a colorless liquid at room temperature. The compound is known to hydrolyze rapidly in water, yielding 3-hydroxypropionic acid, which reduces its activity in aqueous environments.

In pharmaceutical and biotechnological contexts, betapropiolactone is employed to inactivate viruses and bacteria in biological products and to sterilize equipment and solutions. Its sterilant action arises from alkylation of nucleophilic sites in proteins and nucleic acids, which disrupts microbial viability and viral integrity without relying on intense heat or radiation.

Hazards and handling guidance are central to BPL use. It is a potent alkylating agent and can be irritating to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Exposure can be hazardous by inhalation, ingestion, or dermal absorption, and animal studies have indicated mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. Because it reacts with water, solutions containing BPL are typically allowed to hydrolyze before disposal. Handling requires use in a well-ventilated area or fume hood, with appropriate personal protective equipment and adherence to strict regulatory controls to prevent release and exposure.

Regulatory and safety considerations reflect its hazardous nature. BPL is subject to stringent storage, handling, and disposal requirements in many countries, and residues are commonly neutralized by hydrolysis prior to product release or waste disposal.