Benzoylperoxide

Benzoyl peroxide is an organic compound used as a topical antiseptic and treatment for acne. Its chemical formula is C14H10O4 and it is supplied in various skin preparations as a gel, cream, or wash. When applied to the skin, benzoyl peroxide decomposes to free radicals that diffuse into the pilosebaceous unit, releasing reactive oxygen species. These oxidize bacterial proteins and lipids, reducing the population of Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) and exerting an anti-inflammatory effect. The compound also has mild keratolytic activity that helps unclog pores.

Clinical uses: Benzoyl peroxide is widely used to treat mild to moderate acne vulgaris. OTC products typically contain 2.5%–10% benzoyl peroxide. Higher-strength formulations exist by prescription. It may be used alone or in combination with topical antibiotics or retinoids; fixed-dose products combining benzoyl peroxide with adapalene are common. Initiate treatment with a lower concentration and frequency to minimize irritation.

Safety and precautions: Common adverse effects include dryness, redness, peeling, and a transient burning sensation. It can bleach hair, fabrics, and dyed materials. It should not be applied to broken or irritated skin, the eyes, lips, or mucous membranes. Use sunscreen and moisturizers to manage dryness. It is generally considered safe in pregnancy, but patients should consult a clinician for individual risk assessment. Some products may interact with other oxidizing agents; avoid applying oxidizing products directly atop one another and follow product-specific dosing instructions.