Benzoaatti

Benzoaatti refers to salts and esters of benzoic acid, collectively known as benzoates. The benzoate ion (C6H5COO−) is the conjugate base of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH); many benzoates are prepared by neutralizing benzoic acid with alkali metals to give sodium or potassium benzoate, or by esterification to give benzoate esters such as benzyl benzoate.

Common benzoates include sodium benzoate, potassium benzoate, and calcium benzoate; benzyl benzoate is a widely used ester with topical and antiparasitic uses. They are used as preservatives in foods and beverages, cosmetics, and medicines. In acidic conditions, benzoic acid (the undissociated form) inhibits microbial growth; the effectiveness depends on pH (pKa about 4.2). They are added under regulated limits in foods, with maximum levels depending on product type and jurisdiction (for example, approved as food additives in many regions, labeled as E210–E213 in the EU).

Safety and regulation: Benzoates are generally regarded as safe at approved use levels; an acceptable daily intake of benzoic acid and benzoates has been established by JECFA at 0–5 mg/kg body weight. Some individuals may exhibit hypersensitivity or skin irritation with certain benzoates. There is also a concern about the potential formation of benzene in some beverages when benzoates are present with ascorbic acid and exposed to heat or light; regulatory agencies monitor and assess such risks.

Environmental and practical notes: Benzoates are typically biodegradable and can enter aquatic environments in low concentrations; handling and discharge standards vary by jurisdiction and application.