Beach

A beach is a dynamic landform along the interface between land and sea, composed of loose sediment such as sand, gravel, pebbles, or shells. It forms primarily through the action of waves, tides, and currents that erode, transport, and deposit material along the shore. The foreshore is the area between the low tide line and the highest reach of the waves, while the backshore lies beyond the high tide line. Beaches vary in composition: sandy beaches dominated by fine grains; pebble or shingle beaches dominated by rounded stones; mixed beaches with varying grain sizes. The texture influences drainage, stability, and habitat value.

Beaches are created by sediment supply from rivers, cliffs, offshore deposits, and wave processes. Longshore drift moves sediment along the coast, and wave energy determines beach profile and dune formation. Dunes may form on the backshore and act as natural buffers against storms and sea-level rise.

Ecological and human aspects: Beaches provide habitat for organisms such as invertebrates and migratory birds, and support recreational activities, tourism, and coastal economies. They are subject to hazards including erosion, storm surges, and rip currents, requiring management measures such as dune restoration, beach nourishment, and protective structures. Human activity, climate change, and sea-level rise can alter beach width, sediment composition, and ecological function.

Geographic distribution: Beaches occur worldwide along coastlines and ephemeral systems such as lake shores and river banks. They are dynamic environments whose exact form can change seasonally and with storm events.