Baterij

A baterij is a device that stores chemical energy and converts it into electrical energy. Most baterij consists of one or more electrochemical cells that contain an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte separated by a material that prevents direct contact of the electrodes.

During discharge, oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction at the cathode; electrons flow through an external circuit, providing power, while ions move through the electrolyte to balance charge. Rechargeable baterij operate by applying an external electrical current that reverses the chemical reactions.

Baterij types are broadly classified as primary (non-rechargeable) and secondary (rechargeable). Common primary chemistries include zinc-carbon and alkaline. Secondary chemistries include lithium-ion, nickel-metal hydride, nickel-cadmium, lead-acid, and solid-state variants.

Key specifications include capacity (Ah or mAh) and energy (Wh or J), voltage per cell, impedance, and cycle life (the number of charge-discharge cycles). Batteries vary widely in energy density and form factor, from small coin cells to large automotive modules.

Safety and environmental issues are important considerations. Improper charging, over-temperature conditions, or physical damage can lead to leakage, thermal runaway, or fire. Responsible disposal and recycling recover valuable materials and reduce environmental impact; many regions regulate battery recycling and handling.

History of baterij spans from early developments in electrochemistry. The concept dates to the voltaic pile by Alessandro Volta in 1800; subsequent advances led to lead-acid batteries in the 19th century and modern lithium-ion and solid-state technologies in recent decades.