Batchcorrected

Batchcorrected describes data or analyses that have undergone batch effect correction to remove non-biological variation arising from different experimental batches. In high-throughput studies, batch effects can stem from differences in processing times, reagents, instruments, operators, or study sites, and they can obscure true biological signals. Batch correction aims to align distributions across batches while preserving genuine variation related to the biology under investigation; the resulting data are described as batch-corrected.

A range of methods is used to achieve batch correction. Common approaches include ComBat (empirical Bayes), which adjusts for batch means and variances; ComBat-Seq for count data; and limma’s removeBatchEffect. Surrogate variable analysis (from the sva package) estimates hidden sources of variation to be corrected. In single-cell analyses, methods such as Harmony, Seurat integration, and mutual nearest neighbors (MNN) correction are frequently employed, along with other alignment algorithms and linear mixed models. The choice of method depends on data type (continuous vs. count data), study design, and whether batch information is fully known.

Evaluation of batch correction combines visual inspection and quantitative metrics. Visualization techniques such as PCA, t-SNE, or UMAP are used to assess residual batch structure, while metrics like kBET, LISI, or silhouette scores quantify remaining batch effects and biological separation. Cautions include the risk of over-correction, which can remove real biological differences, and under-correction, which leaves batch structure intact. Proper experimental design and careful method selection are essential to balance removing batch effects with preserving true biology, enabling reliable downstream analyses such as differential expression, clustering, and data integration across studies.