Basotho

Basotho are a Southern African ethnic group who speak Sesotho. They are concentrated in Lesotho, an enclave country surrounded by South Africa, and in neighboring South African provinces such as Free State and KwaZulu-Natal. The Basotho share language, cultural practices, and a common historical identity.

Historically, the Basotho emerged from diverse Sotho-speaking groups. In the early 19th century, Moshoeshoe I unified many clans to form a centralized polity, establishing Basutoland as a kingdom to defend against regional upheavals. After periods of British protection, Basutoland gained independence in 1966 and became the Kingdom of Lesotho. The monarchy remains an important symbolic institution, with a constitutional framework that designates a prime minister as head of government.

Language and culture are central to Basotho identity. Sesotho, or Southern Sotho, is spoken by the majority and is used in education and media. Distinctive cultural items include the Basotho blanket, worn for warmth and as a social symbol, and the conical mokorotlo hat, which features in ceremonial attire and national imagery. Social life emphasizes family, communal obligations, and traditional rites, alongside contemporary civic institutions.

Religion in Basotho communities is predominantly Christian, with widespread church involvement. Traditional beliefs and ancestor veneration persist in many areas, often alongside Christian practices.

Economically, Lesotho has a highland landscape that shapes farming and livelihood. Agriculture focuses on crops such as maize and sorghum, complemented by cattle herding. The economy also includes mining—particularly diamonds—and significant cross-border trade with South Africa.