Badjao

Badjao, also spelled Bajau or Sama-Badjao, is an indigenous Austronesian ethnic group traditionally known as "people of the sea." They inhabit coastal regions of the Philippines, the Malaysian state of Sabah, and parts of Brunei, forming a subgroup within the Sama-Badjao peoples. Their language, Badjao, is part of the Austronesian language family; many Badjao are multilingual, using local languages such as Filipino, Tausug, Malay, and English.

Traditionally maritime and seafaring, Badjao communities have often lived on houseboats or stilt houses along coastlines and in island towns. Their livelihoods are closely tied to fishing and related trades, boat-building, and other sea-based activities. Islam is the predominant religion, and many communities observe Islamic rites alongside local customs.

In contemporary times, Badjao face social and economic challenges. Poverty and limited access to education and healthcare are common, especially in urban areas or where mobility complicates schooling. In Sabah, some Badjao families encounter citizenship and housing issues, which can restrict access to public services. Governments and NGOs have implemented programs to improve housing, schooling, and livelihoods, while efforts continue to preserve language and cultural heritage.