B12s

B12s, also known as cobalamins, are a group of essential water-soluble vitamins. The most common form found in supplements and fortified foods is cyanocobalamin, but other forms include methylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin, and hydroxocobalamin. Vitamin B12 plays a critical role in several bodily functions, including the formation of red blood cells, DNA synthesis, and the proper functioning of the nervous system. It is also involved in energy metabolism.

The human body cannot produce vitamin B12, so it must be obtained through diet or supplementation. Rich dietary sources of B12 include animal products such as meat, fish, eggs, and dairy. Plant-based foods generally do not contain significant amounts of vitamin B12 unless they are fortified. This makes vitamin B12 deficiency a particular concern for vegans and vegetarians who do not consume animal products.

A deficiency in B12 can lead to a range of health problems. The most well-known is pernicious anemia, a type of megaloblastic anemia characterized by large, immature red blood cells. Neurological symptoms can also occur, including numbness, tingling, balance problems, and cognitive difficulties. In severe cases, prolonged deficiency can cause irreversible nerve damage.

Diagnosis of B12 deficiency is typically made through blood tests that measure vitamin B12 levels. Treatment usually involves B12 supplements, which can be taken orally or by injection, depending on the severity of the deficiency and the individual's ability to absorb the vitamin. Many medical conditions, such as Crohn's disease or celiac disease, can impair B12 absorption, necessitating medical intervention.