Antisepsia

Antisepsia, also known as antisepsis, refers to procedures and agents used to prevent infection by inhibiting or destroying microorganisms on living tissue, such as skin and mucous membranes. It is a core component of aseptic technique and is distinct from disinfection (which targets inanimate surfaces) and sterilization (which aims to kill all forms of life). The goal is to reduce microbial load to prevent wound contamination and postoperative infections.

Historically, the concept emerged in the 19th century with the work of pioneers who promoted the use of chemical agents to curb surgical and wound infections. Since then, a range of antiseptic agents has been developed, including alcohols, chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine, iodine tinctures, and hydrogen peroxide. The choice of agent depends on tissue tolerance, spectrum of activity, speed of action, and potential for irritation or allergy.

Common applications include antiseptic hand hygiene, preoperative skin preparation, wound care, and aseptic irrigation. Alcohol-based formulations (ethanol or isopropanol) provide rapid antimicrobial activity and are often used for hand disinfection; chlorhexidine offers persistent antimicrobial effects; povidone-iodine provides broad-spectrum coverage. Hydrogen peroxide and certain iodophors are used in specific contexts, with attention to tissue compatibility.

Limitations and safety considerations include cytotoxicity to human tissues, potential for allergic reactions, and the risk of contact dermatitis. Antiseptics may not kill all spores and are not substitutes for sterilization when complete sterility is required. Proper use—appropriate concentration, contact time, and application method—is essential for effectiveness.

See also: disinfection, sterilization, aseptic technique, hand hygiene guidelines, antibiotics.