Antiparazitikus

Antiparazitikus, or antiparasitic agents, are substances that prevent, inhibit, or eradicate parasites in humans, animals, or their environments. They encompass a wide range of drugs and compounds used to treat or prevent infections caused by protozoa, helminths (worms), and ectoparasites such as insects and mites. Antiparasitic agents may be used in human medicine, veterinary medicine, and, in some cases, agriculture or storage protection.

The main categories include:

- Anthelmintics: drugs that kill or expel parasitic worms, such as albendazole, mebendazole, praziquantel, and pyrantel.

- Antiprotozoals: agents targeting protozoan parasites, including metronidazole, tinidazole, nitazoxanide, and various drugs used against malaria (e.g., artemisinin-based therapies) and other protozooses.

- Ectoparasiticides: compounds that act on external parasites, including topical agents like permethrin and pyrethrins, and systemic options such as ivermectin used against certain ectoparasites.

Mechanisms of action vary by class. They may disrupt parasite metabolism or energy production, interfere with DNA or RNA synthesis, compromise parasite protective surfaces, or induce neuromuscular dysfunction leading to parasite death. Many antiparasitics exploit differences between parasite and host biology to minimize host toxicity, but safety and tolerability remain important considerations.

Resistance and stewardship are ongoing concerns, as parasites can develop mutations or adaptive mechanisms that reduce drug effectiveness. Proper diagnosis, adherence to guidelines, and surveillance are essential to manage treatment success and limit resistance.

Regulation and use of antiparasitics are governed by clinical guidelines, regulatory agencies, and public health programs. They continue to play a crucial role in controlling parasitic diseases, improving health outcomes, and reducing transmission in affected populations.