Antimonihalides

Antimonihalides are a class of chemical compounds that contain antimony and one or more halogen elements. Halogens commonly found in antimonihalides include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. These compounds exhibit a range of oxidation states for antimony, typically +3 and +5, with +3 being more common. The structure and properties of antimonihalides vary significantly depending on the specific halogen and the oxidation state of antimony. For example, antimony trifluoride (SbF3) is a liquid at room temperature, while antimony pentachloride (SbCl5) is a corrosive fuming liquid.

Antimonihalides are often synthesized through direct reaction of antimony with the corresponding halogen, or by reacting antimony oxides or sulfides with hydrogen halides or other halogenating agents. They can act as Lewis acids due to the electron-deficient nature of the antimony atom, particularly in higher oxidation states. This Lewis acidity makes them useful as catalysts in various organic reactions, such as Friedel-Crafts alkylations and acylations, and in polymerization processes. Some antimonihalides are also employed as flame retardants, often in combination with other materials. Due to their reactivity and potential toxicity, antimonihalides should be handled with appropriate safety precautions.