Anthelminthika

Anthelminthika, or anthelmintics, are a class of medications used to treat infections caused by parasitic worms (helminths), including nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes). They work through various mechanisms that disrupt the parasite’s metabolism, neuromuscular function, or energy production, aiming to eradicate the infection while minimizing harm to the host.

Several major drug groups are used in human and veterinary medicine. Benzimidazoles such as albendazole, mebendazole, and triclabendazole inhibit tubulin polymerization in helminths, impairing glucose uptake and other essential processes; albendazole is widely used for many nematode infections, while triclabendazole is particularly important for fascioliasis. Praziquantel increases membrane permeability to calcium in cestodes and trematodes, causing paralysis and detachment from the host tissue; it is a key drug for schistosomiasis and other fluke or tapeworm infections. Macrocyclic lactones, including ivermectin and moxidectin, activate glutamate-gated chloride channels to produce paralysis in many nematodes and are central to programs targeting filarial diseases and other helminths. Niclosamide disrupts oxidative phosphorylation in cestodes and is used mainly for tapeworm infections. Other agents such as piperazine and diethylcarbamazine have more specialized roles against certain nematodes or filarial infections.

Most anthelmintics are administered orally; tissue distribution, metabolism, and duration of action vary by compound. Common adverse effects are generally mild and may include transient gastrointestinal symptoms or hypersensitivity; some drugs carry teratogenic risks or potential interactions with other medicines. Resistance has emerged in some animal parasites and, less commonly, in human infections, highlighting the importance of appropriate use and monitoring. Anthelminthics play a key role in individual treatment and public health strategies, including mass drug administration in endemic areas.