Anabolic

Anabolic refers to metabolic processes that build larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy, and are associated with growth, tissue maintenance, and energy storage. In contrast to catabolic pathways that break down molecules for energy, anabolic pathways assemble complex biomolecules from simple precursors such as amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids.

Key anabolic processes include protein synthesis in muscle and other tissues, fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis in the liver and adipose tissue, and the synthesis of glycogen and nucleotides for DNA and RNA. These pathways are tightly regulated by cellular energy status and nutrient availability.

Hormonal regulation is central to anabolic activity. Insulin, growth hormone, IGF-1, and sex steroids such as testosterone promote nutrient uptake and the activation of enzymes that synthesize macromolecules. The balance between anabolic and catabolic activity determines tissue growth, repair, and maintenance, and can shift with exercise, illness, or fasting.

Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone that can enhance protein synthesis and muscle mass. They have approved medical uses for certain conditions associated with wasting or deficiency, but misuse can cause liver damage, cardiovascular problems, hormonal disruption, and adverse behavioral effects. The use of anabolic agents is regulated in sports and by medical authorities.