Alawiyya

Alawiyya is a syncretic religious sect primarily found in Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, and Palestine. Adherents, often referred to as Alawites, constitute a significant minority group in Syria. The origins of Alawiyya are traced back to the 9th century, with a central figure named Abu Shu'ayb Muhammad ibn Nusayr al-Namiri, a companion of the tenth Shia Imam, Ali al-Hadi. Over time, the teachings evolved, incorporating elements from various religious traditions, including Gnosticism, Christianity, and pre-Islamic beliefs.

Alawites share some common ground with Shia Islam, particularly in their reverence for Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad, whom they consider to be divine. However, their theology diverges significantly from mainstream Shia and Sunni Islam, leading to their historical classification as an esoteric or heterodox group by many Muslim scholars. Key beliefs include the concept of divine manifestation, transmigration of souls, and a cyclical view of history. They also observe specific religious festivals and rituals that are distinct from those of other Islamic branches.

The community has historically maintained a degree of secrecy regarding its doctrines and practices, contributing to misunderstandings and speculation from outside observers. For much of the 20th century, the Alawite community held significant political influence in Syria, particularly within the military and security apparatus, culminating in the rise of Bashar al-Assad, an Alawite, to the presidency. Despite this political prominence, Alawites often face social and economic challenges and have historically been subject to discrimination.