Akkumulator

Akkumulator is a device that stores energy by reversible electrochemical reactions, enabling charging and discharging multiple times. In common German usage, Akkumulator refers to rechargeable batteries as energy storage devices, distinguishing them from primary cells that are intended for single use.

The lead-acid accumulator, the first practical rechargeable battery, was developed by Gaston Planté in 1859. Through the 20th century, improvements in durability, energy density and safety led to broad adoption of various chemistries. The term Akkumulator entered technical German to denote rechargeable energy storage devices.

The most common types are lead-acid (including sealed VRLA variants) used in vehicles and backup power; nickel-based systems such as nickel-cadmium (NiCd) and nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) used in older and some portable devices; lithium-based systems such as lithium-ion and lithium-polymer dominate modern consumer electronics and many electric vehicles, offering higher energy density and lower weight. Other chemistries include sodium-sulfur and solid-state approaches, which are used in grid storage and specialty applications. The performance of an Akkumulator is described by capacity (ampere-hours or watt-hours), voltage, cycle life and charge/discharge efficiency; care is needed with charging regimes to avoid overcharging or overheating.

Akkumulators underpin portable electronics, automotive traction batteries, uninterruptible power supplies, renewable energy storage and telecommunications infrastructure. They can be configured in cells, modules, and packs, with management systems to ensure safety and longevity.

Improper handling can cause leakage, thermal runaway or fire; charging must follow manufacturer specifications. Most chemistries are recyclable, and proper disposal supports environmental protection and material recovery.