AgNPs

Silver nanoparticles, often abbreviated as AgNPs, are particles of silver with dimensions typically ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers. These nanoparticles exhibit unique optical, electrical, and especially antimicrobial properties that differ significantly from bulk silver. Their small size allows for a large surface area to volume ratio, which enhances their reactivity and effectiveness. The synthesis of AgNPs can be achieved through various methods, including chemical reduction of silver salts, biological synthesis using plant extracts or microorganisms, and physical processes. The size, shape, and capping agent of AgNPs can be precisely controlled during synthesis, influencing their final characteristics and applications. AgNPs are widely investigated for their potent antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This activity is attributed to several proposed mechanisms, including the release of silver ions, generation of reactive oxygen species, and direct interaction with microbial cell membranes and DNA. Beyond their antimicrobial applications, AgNPs are explored in diverse fields such as medical diagnostics, drug delivery systems, catalysis, and electronics. However, concerns regarding their potential environmental impact and toxicity to human cells necessitate ongoing research into their safety and responsible use.