AMBN

AMBN, also known as ameloblastin, is a protein encoded by the AMBN gene and is a major component of the enamel matrix in tooth development. It is produced by ameloblasts, the enamel-forming cells, and is deposited into the extracellular enamel matrix where it contributes to the structure and maturation of dental enamel. The protein is conserved across mammals and other vertebrates.

As a constituent of the enamel matrix, ameloblastin supports the adhesion of ameloblasts to the matrix and helps organize enamel prisms. It modulates mineralization dynamics and interacts with other secreted enamel proteins, notably amelogenin (AMEL) and enamelin (ENAM), coordinating matrix assembly and enamel crystal growth.

AMBN expression is detected in enamel organ epithelia during the secretory stage of tooth development and remains present during maturation. The protein is secreted into the matrix and, like other enamel proteins, undergoes proteolytic processing by proteases such as matrix metalloproteinases, contributing to enamel remodeling.

Variants in AMBN have been reported in individuals with amelogenesis imperfecta, a family of enamel-formation defects, but such mutations are relatively uncommon compared with mutations in other enamel genes, and the contribution of AMBN variants to AI remains under investigation.

AMBN is part of the enamel matrix protein family that evolved with enamel-bearing vertebrates. It is studied in tooth development and in biomineralization research, with potential applications in dental tissue engineering and regenerative dentistry.