4294967295

4294967295 is the largest value that can be stored in a 32-bit unsigned integer. It equals 2^32 − 1 and is represented in hexadecimal as 0xFFFFFFFF and in binary as 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111. In decimal, the number is 4,294,967,295. This value marks the upper bound of a 32-bit unsigned range and is a common reference in computer architecture, data formats, and protocol specifications.

In practical computing contexts, 4294967295 is encountered as the maximum addressable value in 32-bit addressing and as the maximum numeric value for 32-bit unsigned types in languages that distinguish between signed and unsigned integers. For IPv4, which uses 32-bit addresses, the numeric range spans from 0 to 4294967295, with the address 255.255.255.255 corresponding to the maximum value. In 32-bit color representations that pack four 8-bit channels into a single word, 0xFFFFFFFF can represent white with full opacity, depending on the channel ordering (ARGB, RGBA, etc.).

As a signed integer, 4294967295 has a different interpretation: in two’s complement form used by most systems, the bit pattern 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 represents −1 when interpreted as a 32-bit signed integer. This dual interpretation highlights the distinction between unsigned and signed integer semantics in programming languages.

Historically, the 32-bit unsigned maximum arises from architectures and data models that use 32-bit registers and addresses. It remains a fundamental constant in systems programming, networking, and digital media, reflecting the boundaries of 32-bit word-based data.