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19901993

1990–1993 encompasses events marking the end of the Cold War and the emergence of a new international order. It covers transitions in Europe, the Middle East, and Eurasia, alongside rapid developments in information technology and globalization.

Key political developments include German reunification on 3 October 1990, the release of Nelson Mandela and

Economically, many former communist states pursued reforms toward market economies, and the Maastricht Treaty of 1992

Technological and scientific developments included the public emergence of the World Wide Web in 1991, the

the
unbanning
of
the
African
National
Congress
in
1990,
the
dissolution
of
the
Soviet
Union
in
December
1991
and
the
subsequent
independence
of
its
republics,
the
Gulf
War
of
1990–1991,
and
the
onset
of
the
Yugoslav
Wars
in
1991.
laid
the
groundwork
for
the
European
Union
and
the
European
Monetary
Union,
entering
into
force
in
1993.
release
of
the
Mosaic
browser
in
1993,
the
start
of
the
Human
Genome
Project
in
1990,
and
the
Hubble
Space
Telescope
servicing
mission
in
1993.
These
advances
contributed
to
rapid
growth
in
global
connectivity
and
collaborative
science
during
the
period.