Mosaic

Mosaic is an art form that builds images or patterns from small pieces called tesserae, made of glass, stone, ceramic, or other materials. The pieces are embedded in mortar or plaster and typically grouted to form a continuous surface.

Direct and indirect methods exist. In direct mosaic, tesserae are placed on a prepared substrate; in indirect mosaic, tesserae are arranged on a temporary backing and later installed. Grouting completes the seam between tesserae and protects the surface.

Materials include marble, limestone, colored glass, and ceramic; modern works may use metal, shells, or plastic. Tesserae vary in size and color to create light, shadow, and texture.

Mosaics date to ancient civilizations around the Mediterranean. Greek and Roman floors and walls were later refined in late antiquity Byzantine masterpieces. Notable sites include Ravenna’s churches and classical mosaics at Pompeii. Islamic tilework also developed mosaic patterns, emphasizing geometry and color.

Today, mosaic is used in architecture, public art, and restoration. Modern artists explore large-scale installations and digital design, while conservation emphasizes material compatibility and historical accuracy to preserve aging works.