18861964

1886–1964 is a historical span that covers the late 19th century through the mid-20th century, a period marked by rapid transformation in economy, politics, society, and technology. It encompasses the height of industrialization in many regions, the expansion of global markets, and the rise of new forms of mass politics and social organization. Advances in electricity, petroleum, aviation, and telecommunications helped reshape work, cities, and everyday life, while scientific and medical breakthroughs improved health and longevity.

The period includes profound political upheavals and conflicts. World War I (1914–1918) and the Russian Revolution of 1917 redefined national borders and governance, contributing to a fragile interwar order. The Great Depression of the 1930s tested economic systems and contributed to social strife and political radicalization in several countries. World War II (1939–1945) further reorganized international power, leading to the creation of new international institutions and a reshaped global order in the postwar era.

After 1945, the world entered the Cold War era, marked by ideological rivalry, arms competition, and significant global decolonization. Economies rebuilt through mechanisms such as reconstruction plans and new trade arrangements, while technology and culture increasingly interconnected societies. By 1964, many regions were entering a period of rapid social change, civil rights movements, and continued scientific and technological progress that would shape subsequent decades.

Scholars use the 1886–1964 frame to study transitional dynamics from late imperial and industrial eras into the modern world, emphasizing continuities and ruptures across politics, economy, and culture.