18431910

1843–1910 refers to a historical span covering the latter half of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century. During this period, many regions experienced rapid industrialization, urbanization, and profound social and political change. The spread of railways, telegraphy, and new energy sources accelerated economic integration and the pace of daily life. Nationalist movements, colonial expansion, and evolving legal and educational systems reshaped governance in Europe, the Americas, and parts of Asia and Africa.

Scientific and technological advances defined the era. The century saw the consolidation of Darwinian biology, advances in microbiology and public health, and the development of electrical power and communications. Inventions such as the telephone (1876) and electric light (1879) transformed everyday life, while the late 19th century brought progress in medicine, chemistry, and physics, including x-ray discovery (1895) and late-century explorations into atomic theory and electricity. Engineering achievements in transportation, industry, and urban infrastructure reinforced new scales of production and mobility.

Society and culture experienced significant shifts. Realism and naturalism in literature, impressionism in painting, and the emergence of early modernist currents laid groundwork for later artistic movements. Education and literacy expanded, and labor movements and feminist campaigns gained traction in many countries. The political landscape in Europe saw liberalization and the formation of modern nation-states, while imperial competition shaped global geopolitics.

Historically, the period ends around 1910, just before the major upheavals of World War I. Its legacies include industrial infrastructure, scientific methods, and modern political and cultural ideas that carried into the 20th century.