1641

1641 was a year of significant political and religious upheaval in the British Isles during the early stages of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In England, Parliament pressed for reforms and, in November, the House of Commons presented the Grand Remonstrance, a sweeping list of grievances against King Charles I's policies and advisers, signaling deepening constitutional tensions.

In Ireland, the Irish Rebellion began in Ulster in October 1641, when Catholic gentry and their followers attacked Protestant settlers. The violence triggered a broader conflict between rival religious and political factions and helped set the stage for the Catholic Confederation that formed in the following years and the ensuing wars in Ireland.

The English and Irish upheavals occurred within the wider context of ongoing European hostilities, including the Thirty Years' War, and influenced alliances and political calculations across the continent.

Beyond Europe, European colonial powers continued to establish and manage settlements in the Americas, Africa, and Asia, often pursuing mercantile interests and religious motives characteristic of the era. The year thus reflected both the intensification of internal conflicts at home and the broader imperial and geopolitical dynamics of the early modern world.