égoism

Égoïsme is a philosophical concept that denotes an ethical theory where individuals ought to do what is in their own self-interest. It is often contrasted with altruism, which advocates for actions that benefit others. Égoïsme can be understood in several ways, including psychological égoïsme, ethical égoïsme, and rational égoïsme.

Psychological égoïsme is a descriptive theory that claims humans are always motivated by self-interest, even in actions that appear altruistic. It suggests that people help others because doing so makes them feel good, avoids social disapproval, or for other self-serving reasons. This theory is concerned with how people *are* rather than how they *ought* to be.

Ethical égoïsme is a normative theory that prescribes that individuals *should* act in their own self-interest. It argues that pursuing one's own good is morally right and that the pursuit of others' good is not a moral duty. Proponents suggest that this approach ultimately leads to a more prosperous society because each individual is best positioned to know and pursue their own needs.

Rational égoïsme is the view that it is rational to act in one's own self-interest. This form of égoïsme is often presented as a justification for ethical égoïsme, arguing that it is logical and sensible to prioritize one's own well-being. Critics often point to potential conflicts of interest and the possibility of harming others in the pursuit of one's own advantage. Égoïsme, in its various forms, remains a significant topic of discussion in ethics and philosophy.