zsírembóliák

Fat embolism syndrome is a medical condition that can occur after fractures of long bones, such as the femur or tibia, or after significant soft tissue trauma. It can also occur after orthopedic surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass, and in certain medical conditions like pancreatitis. The syndrome is characterized by the release of fat globules from the bone marrow or adipose tissue into the bloodstream. These fat globules can then travel to vital organs, primarily the lungs, brain, and skin, causing obstruction and inflammation.

The exact incidence of fat embolism syndrome is difficult to determine due to variations in diagnostic criteria and a potential for subclinical cases. However, it is considered a serious complication that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Symptoms typically appear 24 to 72 hours after the inciting event. The classic triad of symptoms includes respiratory distress, neurological changes, and a petechial rash. Respiratory symptoms can range from mild shortness of breath to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Neurological symptoms may include confusion, delirium, agitation, or coma. The petechial rash, a hallmark of the condition, appears as small, non-blanching red spots, often on the chest, neck, and conjunctiva.

Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on the characteristic symptoms and a history of a predisposing event. Laboratory findings may include low hemoglobin, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and changes in blood gases. Imaging studies like chest X-rays can reveal diffuse opacities or ARDS. Treatment is largely supportive and focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. This typically involves oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation if respiratory failure occurs, and fluid management. Early stabilization of fractures is also crucial.