xeromorfia

Xeromorfia is a term used in botany and plant ecology to describe the morphological adaptations of plants to dry, arid, or drought-prone environments. The word derives from Greek roots xeros meaning dry and morphe meaning form, and it is closely related to the concept of xerophytism. In practice, xeromorphic traits are structural features that reduce water loss and conserve moisture in harsh climates.

Common xeromorphic traits include a thick, protective cuticle and epidermis, reduced leaf area, and the development of succulent or thickened tissues that store water. Many xeromorphic plants also exhibit sunken stomata, stomatal crypts, or extensive pubescence (hairy surfaces) to minimize exposure to airflow and solar radiation. Some species show leaf shedding or the production of tough, waxy surfaces that resist desiccation. While xeromorphy is primarily a structural adaptation, it often accompanies physiological strategies such as CAM or C4 photosynthesis, which enhance water-use efficiency.

Xeromorfia is most often discussed in the context of xerophytes—plants adapted to deserts, steppes, or other moisture-limited environments. It is not a taxonomic grouping but a descriptive category used to explain how certain species cope with dryness. The concept helps scientists interpret plant distribution, community structure, and ecological responses to aridity, including responses to climate change.

Related terms include xerophyte, xerophily, and xeric adaptations. Xeromorphia emphasizes the physical form of drought tolerance, complementing studies of physiology and ecology in dry landscapes.