vesihöyrymuunnoksilla

Vesihöyrymuunnos, or steam reforming, is a chemical process used to produce synthesis gas, commonly known as syngas, which is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. This process is primarily employed in the industrial production of hydrogen.

The fundamental reaction involves steam (water vapor) reacting with a hydrocarbon, typically methane, at high temperatures and pressures in the presence of a catalyst, usually nickel-based. The primary reaction is: CH4 + H2O ⇌ CO + 3H2. This reaction is endothermic, meaning it requires energy input, usually in the form of heat.

In addition to the main reaction, several other reactions occur, including the water-gas shift reaction (CO + H2O ⇌ CO2 + H2), which helps to increase the hydrogen yield by converting carbon monoxide and steam into carbon dioxide and more hydrogen.

Steam reforming is a widely used technology due to its efficiency and the relatively low cost of natural gas, the most common feedstock. The syngas produced can then be further processed to isolate pure hydrogen, which is used in various applications such as ammonia production, petroleum refining, and as a potential clean fuel. The process requires careful control of temperature, pressure, and catalyst activity to optimize hydrogen production and minimize unwanted byproducts.