verenmenetys

Verenmenetys is the medical term for loss of blood from the circulatory system. It can be external or internal, and acute or chronic. In medical usage it is commonly referred to as blood loss or hemorrhage.

Causes include trauma and surgical procedures; obstetric hemorrhage (postpartum hemorrhage) is a major cause of maternal mortality worldwide; gastrointestinal bleeding, ruptured aneurysms, and tumor-related or anticoagulant-associated bleeding are also common sources.

Classification distinguishes acute bleeding, which occurs rapidly and can cause hypovolemia, from chronic or occult bleeding, which is slower and may lead to iron deficiency. Bleeding can be overt (visible) or occult (hidden).

Assessment combines estimation of blood loss with clinical signs and investigations. Vital signs (tachycardia, hypotension), urine output, and skin perfusion reflect circulatory status. Laboratory tests include hemoglobin/hematocrit, lactate, base deficit, and coagulation studies; imaging or endoscopy may locate bleeding sources.

Management prioritizes stopping the bleed and supporting circulation. This includes airway, breathing, and circulation, reliable IV access, crystalloid resuscitation, and transfusion of blood products as needed. Pharmacologic hemostasis such as tranexamic acid is used when appropriate. Specific settings require targeted interventions: obstetric hemorrhage with uterotonics and, if needed, surgical control; GI bleeding with endoscopy; trauma with surgical control.

Prevention and prognosis: Early recognition and rapid treatment improve outcomes. Prognosis depends on the volume and rate of loss, the underlying cause, and comorbidity.