vastandõnu

Vastandõnu, or antonyms, are word pairs whose meanings are opposite within a given semantic field. They provide a way to express contrast, negation, or comparative emphasis. In discussions of Estonian linguistics, vastandõnu can be standalone words or derived forms and they appear across parts of speech, including adjectives and verbs.

There are several types of antonyms. Gradable antonyms are pairs that exist on a scale, such as suur versus väike (big versus small) or külm versus soe (cold versus warm). Complementary antonyms are non-overlapping opposites where the presence of one excludes the other, for example elus versus surnud (alive versus dead). Relational (converse) antonyms describe opposite perspectives in a relationship, such as õpetaja versus õpilane (teacher versus student) or ostja versus müüja (buyer versus seller).

Antonyms can be formed by combining unrelated lexical items or by semantic extension, and in Estonian dictionaries they are typically listed as opposite entries with usage notes. They are widely used in language learning, lexicon development, and stylistic writing to create contrast and emphasis. In literature and rhetoric, antonyms help to highlight differences, build imagery, and convey nuanced meanings.

Common Estonian antonyms include hea versus halb (good versus bad), suur versus väike (big versus small), külm versus soe (cold versus warm), kiire versus aeglane (fast versus slow), and vanem or vana versus noor (older versus younger). Because meanings can shift with context, some word pairs function as antonyms only in specific senses. Vastandõnu remain a central concept in semantic analysis and vocabulary expansion.