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Valtioelimet are the various branches and institutions that form the governmental structure of a state. These bodies are responsible for the execution of state power and the administration of public affairs. In most modern democracies, the primary branches are the legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative branch, typically a parliament or congress, is tasked with creating laws. The executive branch, headed by a president or prime minister and their cabinet, implements and enforces these laws. The judicial branch, comprised of courts and judges, interprets laws and administers justice.

Beyond these core branches, a state may possess numerous other organs, such as ministries, agencies, commissions, and local government bodies. Each of these entities has specific roles and responsibilities, contributing to the overall functioning of the state. For example, ministries of finance, education, or health oversee their respective sectors, while regulatory agencies ensure compliance with specific standards. Local government bodies manage affairs at regional or municipal levels, providing services directly to citizens. The exact structure and powers of valtioelimet can vary significantly between countries, reflecting their unique political systems, historical development, and legal traditions. The principle of separation of powers is a common feature, aiming to prevent any single branch from becoming too dominant.