urbanmigration

Urban migration refers to the movement of people from rural or less urbanized areas to more urban areas within a country or region. It is a key component of the broader process of urbanization, which also includes natural population growth in cities and relocation from other urban areas. In most contexts, urban migration is driven by the search for employment opportunities, higher wages, better access to education and health services, and newer housing or social networks. Other push factors include environmental changes, climate impacts on livelihoods, and conflict or insecurity in rural areas; pull factors include large labor markets, diversified economies, and urban infrastructure.

Patterns of urban migration vary by country and time. Some flows are temporary or circular, tied to seasonal work or education, while others are permanent. Internal urban migration often concentrates in national or regional capitals and large cities, contributing to rapid urban growth and evolving demographic structures. International urban migration also contributes to city populations but involves legal and policy considerations such as visas, integration, and social services.

Impacts are mixed. Destination cities may experience housing shortages, congestion, and demand for services, while origin regions may face aging populations and loss of labor. Remittances can offset some costs and influence local development. Policy responses include urban planning, housing and transport investment, social services, labor market regulation, and rural development programs aimed at reducing push factors. Measurements typically rely on census data, household surveys, and migration registers, with attention to temporary versus permanent status and the distinction between internal and international migration.