turningover

Turning over is a phrase used in several fields to describe the process of switching, replacing, or replenishing something through movement or time.

In business, turnover commonly refers to the total revenue generated by a company in a period, before expenses. It is distinct from profit. In accounting in some jurisdictions, turnover may include all sales of goods and services, excluding VAT; a related term, inventory turnover, measures how quickly inventory is sold and replenished.

In labor economics, employee turnover or staff turnover describes the rate at which employees leave and are replaced. It is influenced by job satisfaction, compensation, and external labor market conditions. High turnover signals potential problems and imposes replacement costs.

In sports, a turnover occurs when possession of the ball changes from one team to another due to a defensive steal, a fumble, an interception, or certain violations. Turnovers can affect scoring opportunities and momentum.

In ecology and earth science, turnover describes the rate at which materials or layers are mixed or replenished. Examples include soil turnover by plowing or bioturbation, nutrient turnover in ecosystems, and the vertical turnover of water in aquatic systems. Turnover time is the average time a given amount of a substance remains in a pool before being replaced.

In finance and accounting, turnover also appears in the context of asset turnover, which relates sales to total assets; a higher ratio indicates more efficient use of assets.