trudnymi

Trudnymi is the instrumental plural form of the Polish adjective trudny, meaning difficult or hard. It is used to describe plural nouns when they appear in the instrumental case, often following prepositions such as z (with) or przy (with/at) and in compound phrases.

In practice, trudnymi appears in constructions like z trudnymi warunkami, z trudnymi problemami, and z trudnymi decyzjami, where the noun that follows is in the instrumental plural and the adjective takes the -nymi ending. This form is used across genders in the plural, so it accompanies masculine personal, feminine, and neuter nouns when they are plural and in the instrumental case. The base forms of the related singular and plural adjectives are trudny (m. singular), trudna (f. singular), trudne (n. singular), and trudni (m. pl nominative).

Grammatical note: Polish adjectives decline to reflect case, number, and gender. The instrumental plural ending for this adjective is -nymi, a pattern shared with many other adjectives in the plural instrumental. The opposite forms include trudny (masculine singular), trudna (feminine singular), and trudne (neuter singular or non-masculine plural in other cases).

Etymology and related terms: trudny is a native Polish word with cognates across Slavic languages. Related noun forms include trudność (difficulty) and related adjectives such as łatwy (easy), which provide contrast in usage.

See also: trudny, trudność, łatwy.