transzdukációt

Transzdukció, a biological process, refers to the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another using a bacteriophage, a type of virus that infects bacteria. This process is a form of horizontal gene transfer. There are two main types of transzdukció: generalized and specialized.

Generalized transzdukció can occur during any stage of the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage. When the phage replicates within the bacterium, it sometimes mistakenly packages fragments of the bacterial host DNA into new phage particles instead of its own viral DNA. When these faulty phage particles infect a new bacterium, they inject the previously packaged bacterial DNA, thus transferring genetic information. Any part of the bacterial genome can potentially be transferred in this manner.

Specialized transzdukció, on the other hand, is associated with bacteriophages that integrate their genetic material into the host bacterium's chromosome, entering the lysogenic cycle. When the phage DNA excises itself from the host chromosome to initiate the lytic cycle, it can sometimes inaccurately detach, taking adjacent bacterial genes with it. These bacterial genes are then packaged into new phage particles and can be transferred to another bacterium. This type of transzdukció is limited to the bacterial genes located near the phage integration site. Transzdukció plays a significant role in bacterial evolution, allowing for the rapid spread of advantageous genes, such as those conferring antibiotic resistance.