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Transpilers, also known as source-to-source compilers, are tools that convert source code written in one programming language into equivalent source code in another programming language. This process is distinct from compilation, which typically translates high-level code into low-level machine code. Transpilers operate at the source code level, meaning the output is still human-readable and understandable source code.

The primary use of transpilers is to allow developers to write code in modern, more expressive languages or dialects and then convert it into older, more widely compatible languages. For example, developers might write JavaScript using modern syntax features or a superset like TypeScript, and then use a transpiler to convert it into older JavaScript that can run in a wider range of browsers. Similarly, transpilers can enable the use of newer versions of languages like Python or C++ with older compilers.

Another common application is cross-platform development. Transpilers can convert code written for one platform or environment into code suitable for another. For instance, some frameworks use transpilers to convert code written in a specific language into native code for iOS and Android.

The transformation performed by a transpiler is generally semantic-preserving, meaning the translated code should behave identically to the original code. However, differences in language features, standard libraries, and underlying runtime environments can sometimes lead to subtle behavioral variations. Transpilation is a crucial part of modern software development, facilitating the adoption of new technologies and improving code maintainability and compatibility.