transfusionais

Transfusionais refers to the practices, principles, and issues surrounding blood transfusion in medicine. The term encompasses the collection, testing, processing, storage, and administration of blood and its components, as well as the clinical management of patients receiving transfusions. Transfusionais are governed by evidence-based indications, safety protocols, and ethical considerations aimed at treating anemia and bleeding while minimizing risks.

Transfusion can be allogeneic, from a donor, or autologous, from the patient themselves. Blood components commonly used include red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and cryoprecipitate; in certain settings, whole blood may be used. Transfusion is planned for elective procedures or emergency situations, and decisions are guided by patient condition, expected benefit, and resource availability. Pretransfusion testing, including ABO and Rh typing and crossmatching, helps ensure compatibility, while infectious disease screening, leukoreduction, and irradiation when indicated improve safety. Storage, handling, and administration protocols are standardized to preserve component integrity and prevent contamination.

Safety and adverse effects are central to transfusionais. Potential complications include acute and delayed transfusion reactions (such as febrile non-hemolytic and hemolytic reactions), allergic responses, transfusion-related acute lung injury, and transfusion-associated circulatory overload. Repeated exposure can lead to alloimmunization, and chronic transfusion may cause iron overload. Efforts to minimize transfusions focus on appropriate indications, blood-conservation techniques, and patient blood management programs.

In modern practice, transfusionais are supported by international guidelines and quality systems aimed at balancing patient needs with blood product stewardship, reducing unnecessary transfusions, and improving overall patient outcomes.