torpeder

Torpeder are self-propelled underwater missiles designed to detonate near or on contact with a target, typically launched from ships, submarines, aircraft, or coastal platforms. They are built to deliver a warhead through water with enough energy to damage or sink adversary vessels. Modern torpeder vary in size, range, propulsion, and guidance, but share a common core: a propulsion system, a guidance and control unit, and a warhead.

The development of practical torpeder began in the 19th century, with Italian engineer Giovanni Luppis collaborating with British inventor Robert Whitehead. The resulting Whitehead torpedo, first deployed in the 1860s, established the basic concept of a self-propelled, guided underwater weapon. Over time, propulsion shifted from compressed air and steam to electric batteries and, in some designs, liquid-fuel or other engines. The 53 cm (21 inch) diameter became a standard size for many navies, enabling interchangeability and common launch systems.

Guidance technology evolved from simple gyroscopic stabilization to more sophisticated control. Early torpeder followed a predetermined course, but later models incorporated wire-guidance links to a launching platform, allowing real-time steering. In the late 20th century, homing systems—such as passive or active acoustic guidance and wake-homing—increased accuracy against fast-moving or maneuvering targets. Modern torpeder may be multi-stage, modular, and feature advanced fuzes and stealthy propulsion.

Torpeder are primarily used in anti-ship and anti-submarine warfare. They continue to play a critical role in naval strategy, with ongoing developments aimed at longer range, greater accuracy, better survivability, and enhanced evasive capability.