toluen

Toluene, also known as toluol or methylbenzene, is a colorless, highly flammable aromatic hydrocarbon with the formula C7H8. It consists of a benzene ring bearing a single methyl substituent. Toluene is a volatile organic compound used primarily as a solvent and as a chemical feedstock in the production of various products.

Toluene occurs naturally in crude oil and is produced commercially during refining as part of the BTX (benzene, toluene, and xylene) streams. It is also recovered from coal tar. In refinery operations, toluene is separated by distillation and distributed for use in a wide range of industries. It serves as a versatile precursor for several chemicals, including benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, and benzyl chloride, and it is a historical diluent in the manufacturing of explosives such as trinitrotoluene (TNT).

Physically, toluene has a boiling point of about 110.6°C and a melting point around −95°C. It has a density near 0.87 g/cm3 at room temperature and is immiscible with water, but soluble in many organic solvents. As a highly effective nonpolar solvent, it is widely used in paints, coatings, adhesives, printing inks, and rubber formulations. It also serves as a feedstock in the production of various aromatic derivatives and polymers.

Safety and environmental considerations are important. Toluene vapors form flammable and explosive mixtures with air and can cause dizziness, headaches, and central nervous system effects with inhalation. Prolonged exposure may affect health and development. It is volatile and will evaporate from surfaces; spills should be contained, and adequate ventilation and protective equipment used.