toitepinge

Toitepinge (Estonian for "supply voltage") is the electrical potential difference provided to an electrical device or circuit by a power source. It is the voltage that drives current through the device's input and determines its operation. The toitepinge is usually specified as a nominal value and a permissible tolerance on the device's rating label. In AC-powered equipment, toitepinge is typically alternating current measured in volts, with the value often given as RMS (root-mean-square). In DC-powered equipment, it is a fixed voltage in volts. Common examples include household AC supplies around 230 V or 120 V depending on country; many devices accept a range, such as 198–264 V AC, or a regulated DC input such as 5 V, 12 V, or 24 V. Manufacturers define the acceptable operating range (min–max). Devices that require stable toitepinge may include regulation or power adapters. Measurement is done across the power input with a calibrated instrument; in practice, one checks for presence of voltage and stability. If the supply deviates beyond the tolerance, it can cause malfunction or damage; conversely, undervoltage can prevent proper operation. Safety: Exposure to high voltages is hazardous; standards specify insulation, grounding, and protection devices. The concept is related to input voltage, power supply, voltage regulation, and tolerance.