theraponid

Theraponid is a family of ray-finned fish belonging to the order Perciformes. These fish are commonly known as grunters or tigerperches due to the sound they produce by grinding their pharyngeal teeth. They are primarily found in freshwater and brackish water environments across Africa and Asia, with a strong presence in Southeast Asia and Australia. Theraponids exhibit a wide range of sizes, from small species measuring a few centimeters to larger ones that can exceed 50 centimeters in length. Their bodies are typically laterally compressed, and they possess a continuous dorsal fin with spiny and soft rays.

The diet of theraponids varies, but many are omnivorous, feeding on small invertebrates, crustaceans, and plant matter. Some species are predatory, while others are more herbivorous. They are an important part of their respective ecosystems, serving as both prey and predators. Several species are of commercial and recreational importance, being harvested for food and sport fishing. However, some populations are facing threats due to habitat degradation and overfishing. They are generally solitary or found in small groups.