termoelectric

Thermoelectric refers to phenomena and devices that involve the interrelation of temperature differences and electric voltage. The fundamental thermoelectric effects are the Seebeck effect, the Peltier effect, and the Thomson effect.

The Seebeck effect describes how a temperature difference between two dissimilar conductors or semiconductors creates a voltage difference between them. This is the principle behind thermoelectric generators, which convert heat directly into electricity. When heat is applied to one junction of a thermoelectric couple and the other junction is kept cooler, a current flows.

The Peltier effect is the converse of the Seebeck effect. It states that when an electric current flows through a junction of two dissimilar conductors, heat is absorbed or released at the junction. This effect is utilized in thermoelectric coolers, also known as Peltier coolers, which can be used for refrigeration or heating by pumping heat from one side to the other.

The Thomson effect, less commonly discussed than the other two, involves the heating or cooling of a conductor when an electric current flows through it and there is a temperature gradient along its length.

Thermoelectric materials are crucial for these effects. They need to be good electrical conductors to allow current flow but poor thermal conductors to maintain a temperature difference. Semiconductors are often used because they can be engineered to optimize these properties. Applications for thermoelectric devices include waste heat recovery, portable cooling, and specialized power generation.