teodolite

A theodolite is a precision optical instrument used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. It is a fundamental surveying instrument that combines a telescope with a graduated circle that can be rotated horizontally and vertically. The telescope allows the user to sight distant points, while the graduated circles enable precise angle measurements. Theodolites are essential for tasks such as establishing property boundaries, constructing roads and buildings, and mapping terrain.

Historically, theodolites have evolved significantly from early designs. Modern electronic theodolites, also known as total stations, integrate electronic angle measurement with electronic distance measurement (EDM) and a microprocessor. These advanced instruments can automatically record data and perform complex calculations, significantly increasing efficiency and accuracy in surveying and engineering projects. The accuracy of a theodolite is typically specified by its angular resolution, which indicates the smallest angle it can measure. Common uses include triangulation, traversing, and setting out points on the ground. The instrument is usually mounted on a tripod for stability during measurements.