tengsizlik

Tengsizlik is a term used in several Turkic languages to denote the lack of equality or the condition of being unequal. In everyday language it is often translated as inequality and is used to describe disparities that persist between individuals or groups.

In social sciences, tengsizlik refers to the uneven distribution of resources, opportunities, and status. Common dimensions include income and wealth, educational attainment, health outcomes, employment opportunities, and political influence. The concept is used to analyze how structures, institutions, and policies produce or mitigate gaps between different social groups, such as by age, gender, ethnicity, region, or urban versus rural areas.

Measuring tengsizlik involves quantitative indicators. The Gini coefficient and the Palma ratio are frequently used to capture income inequality, while the Theil index offers a broader view of distribution. Other measures look at wealth concentration, poverty gaps, or disparities in access to services such as education, healthcare, and housing. Qualitative assessments may examine perceived fairness, social mobility, and opportunities for advancement.

Causes of tengsizlik are multifaceted, including economic structure, policy choices, education systems, discrimination, geographic development gaps, globalization, and technological change. The effects can include reduced social mobility, lower economic growth, weaker social cohesion, and heightened political tensions.

Policy responses aim to reduce tengsizlik through progressive taxation and transfers, universal or targeted social protection, investments in quality education and healthcare, anti-discrimination measures, and regional development programs. The concept remains a central concern in debates about justice, growth, and the design of fair societies.