tõotanud

Tõotanud is the past participle of the Estonian verb "tõotama." This verb translates to "to promise," "to vow," or "to swear." Therefore, "tõotanud" signifies that a promise, vow, or oath has been made or given.

In grammatical context, "tõotanud" can function as part of a compound tense, such as the perfect tense, or it can be used adjectivally to describe something that has been promised. For example, "tema on tõotanud" means "he/she has promised." If used as an adjective, it might appear as "tõotanud abi" which translates to "promised help" or "vowed assistance." The meaning is always tied to the act of making a commitment or declaration.

The concept of "tõotanud" is central to various social and legal interactions where commitments are established. It implies a sense of obligation and future action based on a prior declaration. The strength of the promise or vow can vary depending on the context, ranging from casual assurances to formal oaths. Understanding "tõotanud" requires recognizing its role as a completed action of promising.