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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body, characterized by the presence of a synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid. This fluid acts as a lubricant, reducing friction between the articular cartilages that cover the ends of the bones. The articular capsule, a fibrous sac, encloses the joint cavity, providing stability and enclosing the synovial fluid.

Synovial joints are crucial for a wide range of movements. They allow for gliding, hinge-like motion, pivot, ball-and-socket movement, saddle, and condyloid movements, depending on the specific structure of the joint. Examples include the knee joint, which allows for flexion and extension, and the shoulder joint, a ball-and-socket joint enabling extensive rotation and movement in multiple planes.

The integrity and function of synovial joints are maintained by several components. Besides articular cartilage and the joint capsule, ligaments play a vital role in connecting bones and reinforcing the joint, preventing excessive or abnormal movements. Muscles and tendons also contribute to joint stability and movement by providing the force necessary for locomotion and action.

Disorders affecting synovial joints can significantly impact mobility and quality of life. Conditions such as osteoarthritis, an inflammatory condition characterized by the breakdown of articular cartilage, and rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disease causing inflammation of the synovial membrane, are common examples. Trauma, such as sprains and dislocations, can also damage the structures of synovial joints.