subtraktive

Subtraktive is a term used across several disciplines to describe processes or systems that achieve a result by removing material, light, or information. In many contexts, it functions as the counterpart to additive approaches, where components are combined rather than subtracted.

In color theory, subtractive color mixing describes how pigments or inks absorb (subtract) portions of the light spectrum. When pigments are layered, each layer absorbs certain wavelengths, reflecting fewer colors back to the observer. The classic subtractive primaries are cyan, magenta, and yellow; combining them absorbs more light and yields progressively darker colors. In printing and color reproduction, black is often added (forming the CMYK model) to achieve deeper tones and to improve color density and contrast.

In audio and music production, subtractive synthesis uses a sound source that generates a rich waveform and then removes harmonics with a filter to sculpt the final timbre. An envelope or modulation system typically controls amplitude and filter characteristics over time, producing a wide range of sounds from bright to muted.

In manufacturing and fabrication, subtractive manufacturing refers to techniques that remove material from a solid block to create a part. Common processes include milling, turning, drilling, and grinding. This approach is contrasted with additive manufacturing, which builds objects layer by layer from aligned materials.

Subtraktive as a concept thus appears in both artistic and technical fields, aligning with the general principle that complex outputs can be achieved by the selective removal of material, light, or information.