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A substring is a contiguous sequence of characters within a string. In other words, it is a part of a string that is also a string itself. Substrings are fundamental in computer science and programming, particularly in string manipulation and pattern matching.

In many programming languages, substrings can be extracted using various methods. For example, in Python, the slice notation can be used to obtain a substring. The syntax is string[start:end], where start is the index of the first character to include, and end is the index of the first character to exclude. If start is omitted, the slice starts at the beginning of the string. If end is omitted, the slice goes to the end of the string.

Substrings are used in a wide range of applications, including text processing, data validation, and search algorithms. For instance, in a search engine, substrings can be used to find all occurrences of a particular word or phrase within a larger text. In data validation, substrings can be used to check if a string meets certain criteria, such as containing a specific sequence of characters.

In conclusion, substrings are a basic but powerful concept in computer science and programming. They allow for the manipulation and analysis of strings in a flexible and efficient manner. Understanding how to work with substrings is an essential skill for any programmer.